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Adaptation of the Cardiovascular System to
Training Loads in Elite Weightlifters
Alla Yashchenko, MD, Vasiliy Draga, PhD, and Alexander
Mychailov
State Scientific-Research Institute of Physical Culture
and Sport, Kyiv, Ukraine
Exercises performed in weightlifting training are
characterized by a significant amount of weight (up to 20 tons
and more) lifted by the athlete during a training session. A
tremendous amount of exertion is necessary for the performance
of these exercises. During this exertion, intrathoracic
pressure increases and venous blood return to the heart may be
decreased. Though duration of exertion is no more than 3-5
seconds, it may be repeated 150 times during a training
session and may possibly have a negative effect on cardiac
output and blood supply to important body systems,
particularly the brain. However, during the training process,
positive adaptive shifts in the bodies of weightlifters may
develop. These shifts guarantee the possibility of lifting
more and more weight without any disturbances for the athlete.
Instrumentation is available for objective estimation of
cardiovascular adaptation of weightlifters to training loads,
as well as for revealing signs of overtraining. Therefore, it
is possible to correct the training process as necessary to
prevent overtraining development.
Successful adaptation of the cardiovascular system to
training loads in weightlifters is demonstrated by following
indices, observed in our elite weightlifters:
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP)=124.3±1.6 mmHg
- Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)=80.7±2.1 mmHg
- Pressure pulse (PP)=43.9 mmHg
- Resting heart rate (RHR):
- Lying position = 67.6±4.7 b/min
- Sitting position = 73.3±1.9 b/min
- Stroke volume (SV) = 74.8±2.05 ml
- Cardiac index (CI) = 2.5±0.4 1/min/m² and more
- Total peripheral resistance of the vessels (TPR) = no
more than
2500 dyn•s?¹•sm –5.
If the adaptation of the cardiovascular system in the
weightlifter is insufficient the following shifts in
cardiovascular function appear:
- SBP = 150 mm Hg and more
- DBP = 85 mm Hg and more
- PP = 45 mm Hg and more
- RHR, Sitting position = 80 b/min and more
- CI = diminishes to 1.7 1/min/m² and less
Peripheral hemodynamic responses are also observed. If the
adaptation of peripheral vessels to training loads is
sufficient, it is possible to see a normal tone in arteries
with large and average diameters. However, the tone of
arterioles is usually no more than 58.6±3.6 % (right
extremity) and 47.1±5 % (left extremity). The asymmetry of
double hemodynamic indices is at least 15 %.
In the case of insufficient adaptation, significant
asymmetry in double hemodynamic indices (pressure pulse
product) is the first symptom to appear, tone tension of
vessels decreases, signs of venous outflow disturbances are
revealed, the tone tension in average size arteries increases,
and the blood supply for lower extremity vessels diminishes.
As a rule such signs are reversible and it is possible to
restore normal cardiovascular function in overtrained
weightlifters by training loads adjustments.
Conclusion: The functional fitness of weightlifters can be
objectively estimated by means of systemic complex
investigation of cardiovascular adaptation to training loads.
This may help in avoiding overtraining and more efficiently
controlling the training process to enable the weightlifter to
achieve greater results.
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