BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Corequisites: Unless the student obtains approval of the Chairman of the Department, he or she may not continue in a course if the corequisite course is dropped. Credits in BIOS 120, 120L, 222, 222L, 224, and 224L are prerequisites for all courses in biological sciences numbered 200 and above unless otherwise stated.

BIOS 101: General Biology* 3 cr.

Introduction to general biological principles for the non science student. Three hours lecture.

BIOS 101L: General Biology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 101. Supplementary to BIOS 101 by means of student observations, experimentations, and analyses. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 105: Humanistic Botany* 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 101 or 120 or consent of the department. A study of the significance of plants to human life with emphasis on how plants have affected the development of culture and society through agriculture, drugs, and medicine. Credit will not be allowed for use in any curricula offered by the Department of Biological Sciences. Designed for the non science student. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 106: Human Heredity and Society* 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 101 or 120 or consent of the department. Introduction to the impact of genetics and biological research on man and his society. Includes the social, ethical, and legal implications of genetic disorders and research. Designed for the non science student. Credit will not be allowed for use in any curricula offered by the Department of Biological Sciences. Three hours of lecture and/or seminar.

BIOS 107: Humans and Their Environment* 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 101 or 120 or consent of the department. A study of the effects of humankind's activity upon the physical and biological environment. Designed for the non science student. Credit will not be allowed for use in any curricula offered by the Department of Biological Sciences. Three hours of lecture and/or seminar.

BIOS 108: Sociobiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 101 or 120 or consent of the department. A biological approach to social awareness. Emphasis placed on the implications of a biological basis to social issues such as parenting, sexism, racism, eugenics, human diversity, man's antecedents, origin of life, and the bioethics of such practices as recombinant DNA technology, and genetic engineering. Designed for the non science student. Credit will not be allowed for use in any curricula offered by the Department of Biological Sciences. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 109: Animal Diversity 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 101 or BIOS 120 or consent of the department. A study of the significance of animals to human life with emphasis on human health, agriculture, culture and societies. Credit will not be allowed for use in any curricula offered by the Department of Biological Sciences. Designed for the non-science student. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 120: General Principles of Biology 3 cr.
Introduction to basic biological principles for the science major. Topics include structure and function, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 120L: General Principles of Biology Laboratory 1 cr.
Supplementary to BIOS 120 by means of student observations, experimentations, and analyses. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 190: Health Science Seminar 1 cr.
Prerequisite. Permission of department chairman. Seminar for undergraduate students anticipating medical studies. One hour seminar.

BIOS 222: General Zoology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 120, 120L and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 222L. A study of the central facts and principles needed to understand the form, function, and evolution of animals. This course is required for students taking any biological science course numbered 200 or above, except where specifically stated in the catalog. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 222L: General Zoology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 222. Laboratory study of the form and function of animals. This course is designed to correlate with and supplement BIOS 222. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 224: General Botany 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 120, 120L, and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 224L. A study of the concepts, facts and principles central to understanding the form, function, classification, and evolution of photosynthetic protists, higher plants and fungi. This course is required for students taking any biological sciences course numbered 200 or above except where specifically stated in the catalog. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 224L: General Botany Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 224. Laboratory study of the form and function of plants and fungi. This course is designed to correlate with and supplement BIOS 224. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 231: Histological Technique 2 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 222, 224 and credit or registration in BIOS 231L. Study of the methods and principles of preparation of animal and plant material for microscopic examination, histochemical techniques, staining, microscopy, photomicrography, and isolation of cells and organelles. Two hours of lecture.

BIOS 231L: Histological Technique Laboratory 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 231. The practice of histo chemical techniques including staining, microscopy, photomicrography, and isolation of cells and organelles. Six hours of laboratory.

BIOS 277: Dendrology 2 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 224. An identification classification, characteristics, and distribution of the principal forest trees of the United States with particular emphasis on coniferous species. One hour of lecture and three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 278: Dendrology 2 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 277. A continuation of BIOS 277 with particular emphasis on hardwood species with spring and summer characteristics of forest vegetation. One hour of lecture and three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 280: Human Physiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 120, 120L. The elements of human physiology, a study of the controls and functions of the various organ systems. Not acceptable as a substitute for BIOS 387. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 280L: Human Physiology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 280. Experiments designed to give a basic understanding of human organ systems by using physiographs, treadmill exercise, and demonstrations of physiological responses. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 282: Human Anatomy 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 120, 120L. A study of the structure of the major organ systems in man with emphasis on the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive and endocrine systems. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 282L: Human Anatomy Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 282. Experiments are designed to impart a basic understanding of human anatomy by employing charts, human skeletons, laboratory animals, models, slides, and video tapes. One hour of laboratory instruction and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 291: Field Course in Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. Study of the flora and fauna and community characteristics of different biotic environments, including developing skills in the collection and preservation of organisms for scientific study. Field work will be done during a two week (approximate) field trip. One hour laboratory instruction and six hours laboratory. May be repeated for credit.

BIOS 293: Independent Study 1 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 or 224 and consent of the department chairman. Introduction to laboratory and library research. Grading in this course is on a pass/no credit basis. May be repeated. One hour conference and two hours independent research.

BIOS 295: Systematics Internship 1 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 222 or 224 and consent of department. Practical experience in the curation and management of biological collections in the Museum of Life Sciences. May be repeated. One hour conference and two hours of curatorial work in the museum.

All courses numbered 300 or above require Bios 120, 120L, 222, 222L, 224, and 224L as prerequisites unless otherwise noted.

BIOS 320: General Microbiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 120, 120L. A basic study of viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydians, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa with emphasis on form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism, and identification of micro organisms. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 320L: General Microbiology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 320. The experiments in the laboratory are integrated with lecture for an introductory course in microbiology. Emphasis will be on microscopy, microbial morphology, staining methods, use of various microbial media, pure culture techniques, biochemical activities of various microbes, characterization of unknown bacteria cultures, and bacterial and animal virus propagation. One hour of laboratory instruction, and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 321: Immunology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 or 224 and BIOS 320 and CHEM 265L. Introduction to the study of immunity and antigen antibody reactions with emphasis on immunochemistry, biological and clinical aspects. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 321L: Immunology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 321. Current immunological and serological procedures with emphasis on clinical and biological aspects. One hour of laboratory instruction, and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 330: Cell Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 363, CHEM 266 and credit or registration in BIOS 330L. An investigation of the structure and function of cells. Contemporary ideas of the ultrastructure, chemistry, biology, and physiology of moneran, plant, and animal cells are presented. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 330L: Cell Biology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 330. Modern techniques of investigation of cell structure and function. Microscopy, isolation of cell organelles, cytochemistry, and biochemical methodology are included. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 334: Histology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222. Morphology of tissues in plants and animals stressing relationship of form to function. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 334L: Histology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 334. Microscopic study of plant and animal tissues. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 340: Vascular Plant Morphology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 340L. A survey of vascular plants, combining the basic concepts of vascular plant morphology with organography, anatomy, life histories, and evolutionary relationships. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 340L: Vascular Plant Morphology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 340. Provides the opportunity to examine living, preserved and fossil specimens of all major vascular plant groups. It is designed to both correlate and supplement BIOS 340. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 341: Introduction to Marine Zoology 4 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 222 and permission of instructor. Survey of marine animals, particularly those of the LA Gulf Coast, including classification, morphology, and ecology. Offered summers only at the LA Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 345: Plant Physiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: CHEM 266L, credit or registration for credit in BIOS 345L. The study of plant function, including soil and water relationships, plant biochemistry, development and environmental physiology. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 345L: Plant Physiology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 345. Introduction to laboratory techniques of investigation of plant physiological function. Three hours of laboratory per week.

BIOS 350: Plant Pathology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222, 224, and credit or registration in BIOS 350L. A study of diseases in plants, the role of environment in disease development, the genetic and biochemical nature of host parasite interactions, and the methods of disease control. Emphasis will be placed on diseases affecting crops and ornamentals in Louisiana. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 350L: Plant Pathology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222, 224, and credit or registration in BIOS 350. A course designed to provide the laboratory training necessary to study disease in plants, the role of the environment in disease development, the genetic and biochemical nature of host parasite interactions, and the methods of disease control. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 351: Medical Microbiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 or 224 and credit in BIOS 320. An introduction to the essentials of Medical Microbiology with emphasis on antimicrobial agents, immunology, bacteria, fungi, viruses and medical parasitology. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 351L: Medical Microbiology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 351. A comprehensive course in identification of medically important bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans, helminths and arthropod vectors. One hour of laboratory instruction and two hours of laboratory

BIOS 360: General Entomology 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 360L. A systematic study of the biology of insects and related arthropods including their anatomy, morphology, physiology, development, taxonomy. ecology, and life histories. Additional emphasis will be placed on the relation of insects to man in agriculture and medicine. Two hours of lecture.

BIOS 360L: General Entomology Laboratory 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 360. Field and laboratory study of the characteristics, ecology, life histories, collection, and preservation of insects. Six hours of laboratory.

BIOS 363: Principles of Genetics 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 or 224 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 363L. Fundamental laws of heredity as applied to both plants and animals. A basic course for the student concentrating in biological sciences, medicine, allied health fields, agriculture, psychology, or secondary education. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 363L: Principles of Genetics Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 363. The laboratory course provides the opportunity to apply basic genetic principles in analyses of various experiments. It is designed to both correlate and be a supplement to BIOS 363. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 365: Herpetology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 365L. A systematic study of the major groups of reptiles and amphibians of the world, including the biology, taxonomy, and ecology of species occurring in the Ark La Tex. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 365L: Herpetology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 365. Identification of major groups of reptiles and amphibians of the world with emphasis on the species found in the Ark La Tex. Field work will involve taxonomy, systematics, and ecology of local species. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 370: Animal Behavior 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 370L. A study of the observable activity of organisms in response to internal and environmental stimuli. Included will be discussions of the genetic, anatomical, environmental, and evolutionary influences on the behavioral repertoires of motile organisms. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 370L: Animal Behavior Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 370. The laboratory enables the student to conduct experiments in both the field and laboratory and discuss the behavior patterns observed. Opportunity will be provided for individual work through a required field or laboratory investigation of some behavioral problem. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 371: Plant Systematics 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 371L. The identification, classification, and nomenclature of the vascular plants with an emphasis on the native spring wild flowers of the Ark La Tex. Family characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, terminology, and economic importance will be stressed. Two hours of lecture.

BIOS 371L: Plant Systematics Laboratory 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 371. Laboratory study emphasizing plant identification by use of dichotomous keys and recognition to the generic and family levels. Current techniques, e.g., chemical taxonomy and cytotaxonomy, will be examined. Field study will be various plant communities in northwest Louisiana and one weekend trip to Arkansas. Six hours of laboratory.

BIOS 372: Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates 2 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 372L. A study of vertebrate anatomy based on recent representatives of the living vertebrate classes. Emphasis is on anatomy and anatomical evidence for current concepts of evolutionary relationships of vertebrates. Two hours of lecture.

BIOS 372L: Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates Laboratory 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 372. Individual study and dissection of selected representatives of the recent vertebrate classes. Six hours of laboratory.

BIOS 374: Invertebrate Zoology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 374L; twelve hours of biological sciences or consent of the department. Taxonomy, morphology, physiology, embryology, ecology, and life histories of the invertebrates, protozoa through protochordates. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 374L: Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 374. Laboratory investigation of taxonomy, morphology, physiology, embryology, ecology, and life histories of invertebrates, protozoa through protochordates. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 375: Vertebrate Embryology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 375L. A study of embryological development from molecular genetics to adult growth and aging. Lectures will include information on all recent vertebrate classes. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 375L: Vertebrate Embryology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 375. A descriptive study of the development of amphibian, avian, and mammalian embryos. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 376: Vertebrate Natural History 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 376L. A study of the characteristics, life histories, and evolution of representatives of all vertebrate classes. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 376L: Vertebrate Natural History Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 376. Field and laboratory study of the characteristics, ecology, and life histories of local species of vertebrates. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 380: Animal Parasitology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 380L. The general principles of parasitology: the morphology, life history, and classification of parasites, and their host relationships. Recommended for students pursuing allied health professions. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 380L: Animal Parasitology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 380. Laboratory investigations of the morphology, life history, and classification of parasites with emphasis on techniques of collecting and examining parasites. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 387: General Physiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: CHEM 124 and 124L; Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 387L. Introduction to the study of homeostatic principles in plants and animals. Integration of chemical and physical processes in biological systems will be presented. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 387L: General Physiology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 387. Introduction to laboratory techniques of investigation and observation of physiological functions of plants and animals. One hour laboratory instruction and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 430: Molecular Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 330. Study of the relationship between the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. Topics will include the following: physical methods for the study of macromolecules; protein folding motifs and mechanisms of folding; molecular recognition; DNA topology, replication, repair and recombination; RNA synthesis and processing; genetic code and translation; and molecular mechanisms for regulation of gene expression. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 430L: Molecular Biology Laboratory 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 430. Training in the experimental techniques of molecular biology. Methods taught will include macromolecular purification, electrophoretic analysis, recombinant DNA and cloning techniques, DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, and the use of computers and national databases for the analysis of DNA and protein sequences. One hour of lecture and three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 435: Ornithology 3 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 222 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 435L. A systematic study of the major groups of birds of the world, including the biology, taxonomy, and ecology, of species occurring in the Ark-La-Tex. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 435L: Ornithology Lab 1 cr.
Prerequisites: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 435. Identification of the major groups of birds of the world, including the biology, taxonomy, and ecology, of species occurring in the Ark-La-Tex. Fieldwork will involve the identification, behavior and ecology of local species. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 440: Principles of Ecology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 440L, or consent of the department. Fundamental interrelationships between living organisms and the nonliving environments with stress on ecosystem dynamics. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 440L: Principles of Ecology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 440. Techniques in ecological interpretation and mensuration. One hour of laboratory instruction, and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 446: Aquatic Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 446L. A study of the physical, chemical, and biological systems of fresh, estuaries, and marine waters. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 446L: Aquatic Biology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisites: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 446. Practical application of the principles discussed in BIOS 446 with emphasis on field work and identification of the biota of various aquatic habitats. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 450: Marine Ecology 4 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 222, introductory chemistry and consent of the department. Study of the relationships of marine and estuaries organisms to environmental factors, the interactions among organisms, and ecological processes of energy and materials flow. Emphasis will be on the communities and ecosystems of the Louisiana coastal zone. Offered summers only at the Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 451: Marine Microbiology 4 cr.
Prerequisite: Twelve semester hours of biology and consent of the department. Introduction to estuaries and marine microbes with emphasis on bacteria and fungi. Topics include classification, methodology. Roles in marine ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles and diseases of marine animals. Offered summers only at the Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 452: Marine Botany 4 cr.
Prerequisites: Twelve semester hours of biology, including some botany and consent of the department. Study of marine and coastal algae and vascular plants, including classification, morphology, life cycles, and ecology. Offered summers only at the Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 454: Coastal Marine Geology 4 cr.
Prerequisite: GEOL 105 and consent of the department. Geomorphologic features of estuaries, coastal and continental shelf environments, erosional, depositional and geochemical processes, and field and laboratory methods. Offered summers only at the Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 455: Marine Vertebrate Zoology 4 cr.
Prerequisites: Sixteen semester hours of biology, including some zoology and consent of department. General study of the marine chordates with particular emphasis on the fishes, including classification, structure, function and ecology. Offered summers only at the Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 460: Microbial Genetics 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 363L and one of the following: BIOS 320, BIOS 330, or BCHM 410. Biochemical description of genetic processes in microorganisms. Topics include transformation, conjugation, transduction, replication, recombination, genome organization, gene regulation, and recombinant DNA. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 465: Applied Biotechnology 3 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 330 and BIOS 330L. A laboratory based course in which students will gain experience in the principal techniques of recombinant DNA technology. One hour of lecture and six hours of lab per week.

BIOS 470: Evolution 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. A study of the theories and mechanisms of organic evolution. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 471: Biogeography 3 cr.
The geographical distributions of major groups of plants and animals will be studied with regard to mechanisms and routes of dispersal, centers of origin, environmental factors, continental drift, and paleontology. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 480: Endocrinology 3 cr.
The nature of hormones, hormonal mechanisms, feedback processes, and hormonal functions. Some clinical applications will be presented. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 485: Comparative Animal Physiology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: CHEM 266, 266L, BIOS 330, or consent of the department and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 485L. A comparative study of physiological mechanisms and specialization in animals; ways in which diverse animals perform similar functions. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 485L: Comparative Animal Physiology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 485. Investigative study of physiological mechanisms of animals. One hour of laboratory instruction and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 490: Special Topics in Biological Sciences 1 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. In depth study of special areas in the biological sciences. May be repeated for credit when the topics vary. One to three hours of lecture.

BIOS 491: Research 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department chairman. Laboratory and/or research. Grading in this course is on pass/no credit basis. May be repeated. Three hours per week.

BIOS 492: Honors Thesis 2 cr.
Prerequisites: Twenty four hours credit in biological sciences and an invitation from the department chairman. The student must also make a commitment to enroll in BIOS 493. The student will initiate a research project by selecting a specific area of study, conducting a thorough survey of the literature of the topic and presenting a written outline of the objectives and methods, with a bibliography of the proposed research. The proposed research will not duplicate previously published studies. One hour of conference and five hours of library and/or laboratory per week.

BIOS 493: Honors Thesis 2 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit for BIOS 492. The student will complete a research project initiated in BIOS 492. A finished report in the format and style of a manuscript publishable in a professional scientific journal will be submitted to the advisor, reviewed by the student and advisor and revised by the student. The student will present the results and conclusion of his or her research in a style appropriate for a scientific meeting. One hour of conference and five hours of laboratory per week.

BIOS 494: Advanced Field Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 291 and consent of the department. Advanced training in field techniques required to study the flora and/or fauna and community characteristics of a particular biotic environment. Participants will be expected to work on a group research project as well as specialize in the collection and proper handling and curation of a specific group of organisms. Field work will be completed during a two or three week field trip. May be repeated for credit.

BIOS 495: Seminar 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Senior standing. An in depth study of a particular topic in biology. One hour of recitation discussion. May be repeated for credit two times.

BIOS 640: Principles of Ecology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 345 or 387 and credit or registration for credit in BIOS 640L. Fundamental interrelationships between living organisms and the nonliving environment with emphasis on ecosystem dynamics. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 640L: Principles of Ecology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration in BIOS 640. Techniques in investigation and interpretation of ecological data. One hour of laboratory instruction and two hours of laboratory.

BIOS 646: Aquatic Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 646L. A study of the physical, chemical, and biological systems of fresh, estuaries, and marine waters. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 646L: Aquatic Biology Laboratory 1 cr.
Prerequisite: Credit or registration for credit in BIOS 646. Practical application of the principles discussed in BIOS 646 with emphasis on field work and identification of the biota of various aquatic habitats. Three hours of laboratory.

BIOS 660: Microbial Genetics 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. Biochemical description of genetic processes in microorganisms. Topics include transformation, conjugation, transduction, replication, recombination, genome organization, gene regulation, and recombinant DNA. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 665: Applied Biotechnology 3 cr.
A laboratory based course that will enable students to gain experience in the basic techniques of molecular biology. The graduate course also requires students to demonstrate their ability to write a grant proposal describing molecular biology investigations.

BIOS 670: Evolution 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. A study of the theories and mechanisms of organic evolution. This course will have particular value for those students who wish to pursue a graduate degree in Biological Science Education. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 671: Biogeography 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. The geographic distribution of major groups of plants and animals will be studied with regard to mechanisms and routes of dispersal centers of origin, environmental factors, continental drift, and paleontology. This course will have particular value for those students who wish to pursue a graduate degree in Biological Science Education. 3 hours of lecture.

BIOS 690: Special Topics in Biological Sciences 1 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. In-depth study of special areas in the biological sciences. May be repeated for credit when the topics vary. One to three hours of lecture.

BIOS 720: History of Science 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. Covers the growth of science from ancient Greece to the 20th Century and its impact on the development of western civilization. Emphasis is placed on the biological and chemical sciences. Three hours of lecture. Also listed as HIST 720.

BIOS 740: Ecological Methodology 3 cr.
Prerequisites: BIOS 440 or equivalent or consent of the department. BIOS 740 will emphasize the methodology for estimating abundance in animal and plant populations, sampling and experimental design, estimating community parameters, and life tables and survivorship estimations. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 745: Plant Molecular Biology 3 cr.
Prerequisites: Previous course work in plant physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. The impact of genetic engineering on agriculture. Methods of transformation, antisense technology, gene regulation, plant tissue culture, the chloroplast genome, transposable elements, and the prospects for crop improvement. The course will include the critical reading of relevant research papers. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 753: Marine Science for Teachers 4 cr.
Prerequisite: BIOS 222. Survey of the marine sciences, field and classroom techniques for the teaching of marine science at secondary school levels. Offered summers only at the Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) facility.

BIOS 750: Ecotoxicology 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. A study of the chemical properties, mode of action, detection and environmental fate of the major pesticides. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 760: Human Genetics for Teachers 3 cr.
Prerequisite. Consent of the department. Study of human inheritance patterns, genetic disorders, genetic screening and counseling, social impact of genetics, and current research. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 785: Selected Topics in Biology 3 cr.
May be repeated for credit when the topics vary. Special topics to be selected from areas such as botany, genetics, microbiology, or zoology. Three hours of lecture.

BIOS 786: Independent Research 1 3 cr.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department. Library, laboratory, or field research under the guidance of a departmental advisor. May be repeated for credit for a maximum of six semester hours. Three hours of research per credit.

BIOS 790: Special Topics in Biology 3 cr.
Special topics in Biology which may be repeated as topics vary from semester to semester.

BIOS 795: Independent Study in Biology 3 cr.
Independent study in biology. An independent project or study directed by an assigned faculty member.

BIOS 799: Thesis 1-3 cr.
Thesis. Research project carried out under the supervision of assigned faculty member. Grading on this course is a pass/no credit basis. May be repeated.